The Role of Security and Defense in National Stability: A Discussion with Dr. Gino Roleri Alvarado

Dr. Gino Roleri Alvarado, a doctor in political science and international relations, previously served as the chief of staff of the Ministry of Defense and currently works as an advisor in the Ministry of Environment.

Security involves preventive measures in various aspects like politics, economics, social issues, and technology to maintain peace. Defense, on the other hand, is the state's monopoly to protect itself from threats. Security focuses on maintaining peace, while defense involves actively mitigating threats.

The Ministry of Defense is responsible for national defense, which is closely related to security policy. It encompasses a multi-sectoral approach involving areas like the environment, transportation, health, and education. Coordination with other government sectors is crucial for an effective security and defense policy.

Government policies can have a significant impact on societal changes. For example, in the past, addressing issues like drug trafficking and human trafficking led to positive transformations, such as improved cocoa production and international exports. Effective government policies can drive social change and improve overall societal well-being.

Brazil faces complex challenges due to the convergence of various illicit activities, primarily involving drug trafficking. Remnants of organizations like Sendero Luminoso and MRTA further complicate the situation, making it a challenging environment to address security and defense issues.

The combination of sicarios, who are members of terrorist groups, guarding drug shipments for the narcotrafficking industry poses a significant threat. The sicarios, trained in weapon use by narcotrafficking organizations, have seen a reduction in territorial control over the past 14 years due to effective military intervention.

The speaker, Pepe, highlights his unique background of combining a successful military career in the Peruvian army with academic pursuits in political science. He emphasizes the importance of being prepared for transitions in life and mentions his extensive knowledge of the armed forces and international relations.

Pepe discusses his role as a professor at various universities, emphasizing the responsibility of sharing knowledge with younger generations to improve the country's future. He stresses the need for individuals aspiring to public office to have proper preparation and highlights the potential of Peru as a biodiverse nation with abundant opportunities.

The speaker reflects on his experiences in Peruvian provinces, noting a generally positive perception of the armed forces. However, he acknowledges a lack of understanding at times, attributing it to a need for better communication and more transparent sharing of the military's daily activities and contributions to society.

The speaker discusses the effective communication strategies of the armed forces, highlighting the use of social media platforms like TikTok. Despite limitations, the armed forces have embraced digital communication to reach a wider audience, including remote areas. This shift in communication methods reflects a more modern and inclusive approach to engaging with the public.

The armed forces are involved in not only military operations but also public works projects. They collaborate with regional governments in disaster response efforts, providing machinery and support to mayors and governors. Additionally, they engage in civic actions through joint commands, offering logistical support to inaccessible areas and conducting multisectorial operations.

There is a perceived lack of understanding among politicians regarding the scope of the Ministry of Defense, the role of the armed forces, and the functions of the Joint Command. This deficiency in knowledge suggests a need for further education and training on security matters to enhance decision-making and policy formulation.

The Ministry of Defense encompasses various institutions beyond the armed forces, including the National Institute of Civil Defense, the Geophysical Institute, and others. It plays a crucial role in disaster prevention, risk assessment, and emergency response, making it a dynamic and influential sector within the government.

The speaker highlights security threats such as organized crime and natural disasters, emphasizing the proactive role of civil defense entities in alerting, preventing, and assisting local governments. Increased budget allocations to these entities reflect a commitment to enhancing preparedness and response capabilities nationwide.

During the discussion, it was highlighted that there is often confusion in political communication within the Ministry of Defense. Letters and documents received from parliamentarians or their advisors may not always be relevant to the actual work being done. This confusion can stem from a lack of understanding of the roles and responsibilities within the ministry.

The conversation emphasized the recurring importance of the armed forces in providing support during natural disasters. Recent events have once again underscored the crucial role played by the armed forces in assisting the state. This support is essential for regions represented by congressmen who continuously seek assistance for their areas.

The role of the armed forces in crisis management was discussed, particularly in situations like the crisis in Putis. It was clarified that operational plans are the responsibility of those on the ground, not necessarily the minister. Politicians often try to assign political blame to ministers for operational actions, highlighting a misunderstanding of operational procedures.

In a semi-presidential system, the political responsibility lies with the minister rather than the president. The president's role is limited to preliminary investigations, as stated in the constitution. This distinction requires a reevaluation of political responsibility, ensuring that blame is not unjustly placed on ministers for operational errors.

The discussion delved into the political implications of decisions made in operational contexts. It was emphasized that operational decisions are primarily the responsibility of operational personnel, not political figures. Blaming ministers for operational errors without understanding the operational intricacies can lead to unjust political repercussions.

Defense ministers have the responsibility to oversee military operations and actions, establish guidelines, generate policies in the political field to achieve political objectives, issue directives through the joint command, delegate responsibilities to subordinates for execution, emphasizing that not all actions of a sector should bear political responsibility.

There is a discussion on whether the Constitution should define political responsibility or leave it open-ended. The speaker believes there should be constitutional development to avoid frequent changes in ministers, especially in sectors like Public Security, where daily challenges like crime and violence require continuity and expertise to address effectively.

The speaker highlights the negative impact of frequent ministerial changes on effectiveness, citing a steep learning curve for new appointees, leading to delays in actions and public demands for immediate results. The high turnover rate results in instability and hinders swift responses to citizen needs.

There is a contrast between the need for immediate responses to citizen issues and the time required for long-term planning and implementation. The speaker emphasizes the importance of balancing quick action with the necessary processes like budgeting and project implementation, especially in the Interior sector.

The relationship between the Defense and Interior Ministries is not always smooth, despite working together. There is a public expectation for the armed forces to assist in urban security, but this requires clear regulations and specialized training within the military to effectively combat organized crime.

To address the challenges of combating organized crime, there is a suggestion to modify the curriculum within the armed forces to create specialized units with specific training, knowledge, and psychology tailored for operations against organized crime. This would require a focused participation approach and potentially restructuring the military education system.

The speaker suggests employing specialized military units in specific areas, regardless of their location, such as Trujillo, Tumbes, Cajamarca, and Arequipa. These units should be elite and well-equipped to handle social issues effectively.

The discussion revolves around the positive and negative aspects of military involvement in social issues. An example cited is the successful prevention of the takeover of the Puno airport by the combined efforts of the police and the military, showcasing the deterrent effect of military presence.

The importance of mental and physical preparedness of military forces is emphasized. It is highlighted that effective training is crucial to ensure that personnel can handle high-pressure situations without reacting impulsively.

The discussion touches upon the historical context of military education in schools, with a shift away from the previous model of militaristic training. The idea of incorporating values of national defense and patriotism through modern educational practices is suggested for instilling a sense of belonging and civic responsibility in students.

There is a call to enhance the teaching of recent national history in schools, covering the past 20 to 30 years. This is seen as essential for fostering a deeper understanding of the country's recent past and promoting a sense of national identity among students.

The speaker discusses the importance of military and civic education in schools, highlighting the lack of emphasis on these subjects in the curriculum. They mention the absence of a comprehensive civic and military training program for students, noting that even though some universities used to offer courses on national reality, they were optional. The speaker recalls teaching a course on national reality at San Martín University years ago.

The speaker shares their personal experience of attending a military school out of curiosity sparked by a movie they watched as a child. They describe being fascinated by the military lifestyle portrayed in the film and how a family member guided them through a visit to the military school, showing them the facilities and the reality of military training.

The speaker delves into the importance of military training in instilling values, discipline, and the ability to overcome personal will for the greater good. They emphasize the necessity of military education in preparing individuals for challenging situations where they must act against their own desires, highlighting the role of military schools in shaping individuals to prioritize country over personal interests.

The speaker reflects on the challenges faced by young cadets in military school, mentioning the abrupt transition from a pampered lifestyle to one where they are responsible for everything. They acknowledge that many cadets, at a young age, contemplate leaving due to the demanding nature of military training and the shift in responsibilities.

Military training not only prepares individuals for a military career but also equips them to face injustices in life. It teaches individuals to assimilate injustices, reformulate their actions, and emphasizes the importance of resilience. The key is not just falling but how one rises and progresses without harming others, remaining loyal to colleagues, having a strong conviction, and dedicating oneself to the country's betterment.

Incorporating more practical experience in academic education is crucial for enhancing employability. Practical training should be increased to ensure that graduates are not only knowledgeable but also possess the necessary skills, values, and abilities to excel in any profession. This practical experience is essential for individuals to transition smoothly into the workforce and effectively engage with diverse interests and decision-making scenarios.

There is a need to improve the practical training component in education by increasing the number of hours dedicated to internships and hands-on experience. This enhancement aims to ensure that individuals are not just learning to become professionals but are entering the workforce as competent professionals with the required 'flight hours' of experience. Practical training is essential for honing skills and preparing individuals for real-world challenges.

Suggests including aspects of political education in the military curriculum to equip future officers with skills related to exercising power, effective communication, decision-making, crisis management, and understanding the nuances of authority. This addition aims to prevent abuses of power and enhance the overall competency of military officials in handling complex political and leadership situations.

Military personnel, including high-ranking officers, need to have a deep understanding of political theory and the philosophy of the state to comprehend their role within an organization. This knowledge helps individuals realize the impact of their actions, even the simplest ones, on ministers, the national objectives, and even the president of the republic. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of all entities and the necessity for alignment with national, sectorial, and institutional goals.

The modernity of society today, compared to 40-50 years ago, has significantly changed how power is exercised, especially by members of the armed forces. With life being more transparent, there is a need for military personnel to adapt to new communication methods, such as using TikTok, to connect with the population effectively. This includes incorporating training on communication skills to bridge the gap between civilians and uniformed individuals, ensuring a better understanding of power dynamics and responsibilities.

It is crucial for military personnel to avoid being intoxicated by power and losing perspective. Training should focus on reminding individuals that power is transient and that effective communication is key to managing power responsibly. The changing perception of the military in society underscores the importance of designing communication strategies that resonate with the population, acknowledging that the role of the armed forces has evolved over the years.

There has been a notable shift in the role of the military in politics, with a greater emphasis on upholding constitutional principles and democratic institutions. Recent events, such as the response to a potential coup attempt, demonstrate a change in mindset among new officers who prioritize preserving democratic and institutional order. This shift reflects a broader trend towards a more restrained and supportive role for the armed forces in political affairs.

The speaker discusses the political evolution in Peru, mentioning a period from 1821 to 1872 characterized by military governments. They highlight the entry of the Civilista Party in 1872 as a significant change in the political landscape.

The conversation shifts to the presence of former military members in the Peruvian parliament. The speaker expresses the importance of having representation from the armed forces in the government to ensure a comprehensive understanding of military aspects for national security and defense.

The speaker emphasizes the crucial role of the armed forces in governance, stating that their representation in the parliament is essential for national defense. They argue that neglecting the armed forces' needs would jeopardize Peru's ability to defend itself.

The speaker evaluates the behavior of ex-military members in parliament, acknowledging their diverse styles and backgrounds. They mention instances where politicians lack knowledge of defense matters, leading to uninformed decisions that impact the morale of the armed forces.

The discussion touches on the Ministry of Defense's efforts to educate politicians on defense matters. The speaker recalls providing courses to members of the Defense Commission to enhance their understanding of security, defense, and development, emphasizing the importance of informed decision-making in governance.

The speaker outlines key requirements for preserving democracy in Peru, including wealth redistribution, public spending optimization, and promotion of investments. They stress the need for a balanced approach to ensure the sustainability of democracy amidst historical challenges with militarism.

Private investment is crucial for addressing economic issues, healthcare concerns, and societal challenges. Encouraging private companies to invest in the country can lead to solutions for problems like healthcare for children, spouses, and elderly parents. The speaker emphasizes that understanding the need for private investment is essential for societal progress.

The speaker uses the analogy of betting in a casino to highlight the importance of taking risks and investing in the country. While acknowledging that some may view the country as less secure, the speaker urges individuals to have faith in the nation's potential and invest in its future.

The speaker advises young individuals aspiring to serve in public roles to focus on their education and professional development. Emphasizing the importance of university education and serious training in public administration, the speaker highlights the need for ethical conduct, preparation for managing state resources, and a commitment to serving the needs of the population, especially the underprivileged.

The speaker stresses the significance of maintaining ethical standards and combating corruption in public service. Encouraging the younger generation to uphold integrity and honesty, the speaker underscores the importance of clean intentions and actions for the benefit of the country and future generations.

The program concludes with gratitude exchanged between the interviewer and the interviewee. The speaker expresses appreciation for the interview and bids farewell to the audience, announcing the next episode's theme on education and politics scheduled for the following Monday on Channel B, the Bicentennial channel.